WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OFLAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE,PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OF LAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE, PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OFLAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE,PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OF LAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE, PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE.
Razsežnosti dokazovanja v evropskem civilnem postopku 2. del
V prvem delu prispevka je bilo govora o primerjavi kontinentalnega in angloameriškega pravnega sistema. V drugem delu pa bomo na kratko spregovorili o medsebojnem sodelovanju med sodišči držav članic EU pri pridobivanju dokazov v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah.
Omenjeno področje ureja Uredba Sveta (ES) št. 1206/2001 o medsebojnem sodelovanju med sodišči držav članic pri pridobivanju dokazov v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah (v nadaljevanju Uredba). Uredba je začela veljati 1.1.2004, v pravnem prostoru EU pa je nadomestila Haaško konvencijo o pridobivanju dokazov v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah v tujini (UL RS – Mednarodne pogodbe, št. 19/00; v nadaljevanju Haaška konvencija)[1]. Uredba prevlada nad drugimi določbami dvo ali večstranskih sporazumov med državami članicami, hkrati pa Uredba ne ovira držav članic pri sklepanju dvo ali večstranskih sporazumov, katerih namen je olajševanje pridobivanja dokazov, vendar le če z njo niso v nasprotju.[2]
Predmet urejanje Uredbe je čezmejno pridobivanje dokazov z neposrednim posredovanjem med sodišči. Cilj je doseči čim večjo koordinacijo jamstev v postopku dokazovanja[3], vendar ne s poenotenjem pravic, temveč s pomočjo standardiziranih obrazcev. Uredba predvideva dva načina pridobivanja dokazov: aktivno in pasivno pravno pomoč. Aktivna pravna pomoč je klasična oblika pridobivanje dokazov v sporih z mednarodnim elementom. Določbe Uredbe[4] gredo v smeri pospešitve, večjih možnosti strank za udeležbo v postopku in zmanjšanja razlogov za odklonitev zahteve s strani zaprošenega sodišča. Aktivna pravna pomoč poteka tako, da sodišče zaprosi drugo sodišče za posredovanje določenega dokaza (zaprosilo se poda z obrazcem A). Zametek ureditve pasivne pravne pomoči je sicer že vsebovala Haaška konvencija,[5] ki je predvidela možnost neposrednega pridobivanja dokazov po »komisarjih,« vendar tukaj ni šlo za enakovredno alternativo aktivni pravni pomoči. Takšno neposredno pridobivanje ima dve prednosti: spoštovano je načelo neposrednosti ter za ocenjevanje in izvajanje dokazov velja isto procesno pravo. Pomanjkljivost je, da se lahko opravi zgolj prostovoljno. Kaj izbrati? Pasivna pravna pomoč utegne biti na primer odločilna pri zaslišanju določene priče ali ogledu kraja, saj se zagotavlja neposrednost. Okoliščina, da se dokazi izvajajo pred sodiščem pa je zagotovilo za dobro dokazno oceno.[6]
Sodobna komunikacijska sredstva so bistvenega pomena za nemoteno uporabo Uredbe, da bi se izpolnil njen cilj zagotavljanja hitrega in učinkovitega pridobivanja dokazov v Evropski uniji. Uredba določa, da sodišče, ki je zaprosilo, lahko zaprosi zaprošeno sodišče, da pri izvršitvi pridobivanja dokazov uporabi sredstva komunikacijske tehnologije, zlasti videokonferenco in telekonferenco (4. odst. 10 čl. Uredbe). Če pa želi biti sodišče, ki je zaprosilo, odgovorno za pridobivanje dokazov, veljajo pravila iz 17. čl. o neposrednem pridobivanju dokazov, hkrati pa je potrebna odobritev zaprošene države članice. V skladu z Uredbo mora osrednji organ ali pristojni urad spodbujati uporabo komunikacijske tehnologije (4. odst. 17. čl Uredbe).[7]
V zvezi s stroški se je na podlagi 18. čl. Uredbe uveljavilo stališče, da sodišče ki je zaprosilo za izvedbo določenega dokaza zaprošenemu sodišču ni dolžno povrniti stroškov za posredovanje. S tem se želi uveljaviti načelo enakosti. Vendar pa v primeru pritegnitve izvedencev in tolmačev zaprošeno sodišče lahko zahteva takojšnje plačilo stroškov oz. zahteva vsaj plačilo predujma. Prav tako je mogoče zahtevati povrnitev stroškov zaradi velikih praktičnih ovir (tudi stroški za izvedbo videokonferenc). Neplačilo lahko pomeni zavrnitev zahteve za posredovanje določenega dokaza. V zadevi Weryński[8] je sodišče zaključilo, da na podlagi prvega odstavka 18. člena Uredbe stroškov za zaslišanje priče ni treba povrniti, kar pomeni, da sodišče, ki je zaprosilo, zaslišani priči ni dolžno povrniti stroškov.
Ko konferenci so bile obširno predstavljene in izpostavljene še nekatere druge teme, vendar smo se zaradi smotrnosti odločili predstaviti bolj aktualne.
[1] Uredba je v veljavi v 27 državah članicah razen na Danskem, kjer se še zmeraj uporablja Haaška konvencija.
[2] Podjetje in delo, 2005, št. 6-7, str. 1151-1161.
[3] EUCJ Case No. C-104/03, 28 April 2005
[4] 2., 4. – 16. in 18. člen Uredbe
[5] 17. čl. Haaške konvencije
[6] Podjetje in delo, 2005, št. 6-7, str. 1151-1161.
[7] Praktični vodnik za uporabo Uredbe o pridobivanju dokazov (Uredba Sveta (ES) št. 1206/2001 z dne 28. maja 2001 o sodelovanju med sodišči držav članic pri pridobivanju dokazov v civilnih ali gospodarskih zadevah)
