WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OFLAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE,PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OF LAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE, PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OFLAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE,PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY AS WELL AS TAKING CARE ABOUT CONDUCT IN HIS PRIVATE LIFE, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO PROTECT RESPECT AND TO STRUGGLE FOR PROMOTION AND AFFIRMATION OF LEGAL PROFESSION AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ACT IN HUMAN WAY, RESPECTING DIGNITY OF ALL HE CONTACTS WITH. THEN, HE IS OBLIGED TO PRESERVE HIS HONOUR, MORAL CHARACTER, INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERTNESS IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHERS WITH HIS CONDUCT. WHEN EXECUTING LAWYERS ACTIVITY, A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO RESPECT TRUTH AND LEGALITY, INDEPENDENCE OF LEGAL PROFESSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO ENERGETICALLY REJECT ALL TRIES OF INFLUENCE ON HIS INDEPENDENCE IN EXECUTION OF ACTIVITY. HE IS OBLIGED TO INFORM ORGANS OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION ABOUT THESE TRIES. EXECUTION OF ANY COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, ASSOCIATION OF LAWYERS OFFICES WITH ACTIVITIES OF SUCH EFFECT, I.E. ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT GIVE LEGAL AID ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH EXECUTION OF LAWYERS ACTIVITY. OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER IS TO BE CONSTANTLY UNDER PROFESSIONAL IMPROVEMENT, TO READ PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE, PARTICIPATE IN ALL PROFESSIONAL DISCUSSIONS, CONSULTATIONS, AND CONGRESSES, IN ALL ACTIONS OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS BY WHICH IMPROVEMENT AND AFFIRMATION OF THIS SERVICE ARE ACHIEVED, AND TO IMPROVE HIS GENERAL EDUCATION. A LAWYER HAS TO HELP WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE OTHER LAWYERS, AND HE IS ESPECIALLY OBLIGED TO HELP PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAW CLERKS IN LEGAL PROFESSION. A LAWYER IS OBLIGED TO GIVE LEGAL AID TO A CLIENT FOR WHICH HE KNOWS THAT IS NOT IN POSITION TO PAY FOR SERVICE, OR A CLIENT THAT IS ASSIGNED TO HIM ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE DETERMINED BY AUTHORIZED ORGAN OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, I.E. OTHER ORGANIZATION ACCORDING TO THE DECISION OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION, AND THE BAR ASSOCIATION BEARS THE COSTS. IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE THAT A LAWYER IS A PERSON THAT ACTS AGAINST INTERESTS OF LEGAL PROFESSION AND WHO DOES NOT RESPECT RULES OF THIS CODE.
Razsežnosti dokazovanja v evropskem civilnem postopku 1. del
Med 20. in 22. marcem je v Mariboru Inštitut za civilno, primerjalno in mednarodno zasebno pravo Pravne fakultete Univerze v Mariboru organiziral konferenco z naslovom Razsežnosti dokazovanja v evropskem civilnem postopku. Sodelovali (preko nacionalnih poročevalcev) in predavali so različni pravni strokovnjaki iz vseh evropskih držav. Namen konference je bila predstavitev in primerjava značilnosti dokaznega postopka v različnih pravnih redih EU. Na konferenci je potekala tudi razprava o tem ali obstaja nekakšno skupno jedro vseh postopkov, ter katere ovire bi bilo potrebno premostiti, da bi v EU preko unifikacije in harmonizacije lahko zaživel enoten civilni postopek.
Primerjava kontinentalnega in anglo – ameriškega pravnega sistema ob upoštevanju procesa poenotenja civilnega postopka v EU
Težnja po poenotenju pravnih pravil prinaša ovire že v samem začetku. Potrebno je izpostaviti, da se problemi pojavljajo že pri sami uporabi jezika (angleščine). Velikokrat se uporabljajo napačni pravni termini ali pa se uporabljeni pravni termini razlagajo napačno. Pretirano poenotenje lahko tako vodi do situacije, da se različni termini razlagajo podobno ali celo enako, tam kjer imajo različen vsebinski okvir.
V EU je anglo – ameriški pravni sistem uveljavljen v Angliji, Walesu, Severni Irski, Škotski in na Cipru. 800 letni razvoj omenjenega pravnega sistema je v zadnjih 15 letih doživel kar nekaj korenitih sprememb. Po mnenju Roberta Turnerja, predavatelja konference in sodnika iz Anglije obstaja kar nekaj prednosti anglo – ameriškega sistema. Prva prednost je razdelitev (specializacija) pravnikov v dve skupini. Pravniki se delijo na attorneys, solicitors, to so pravniki, ki za stranke pripravljajo različne pravne akte (tožbe in pripravljalne vloge), stranke pa kasneje pred sodišči in drugimi organi neposredno zastopa druga skupina pravnikov t.i. barristers, advocates (bar je izraz za leseno ograjo, ki ločuje prostor na sodišču ki je namenjen strankam, zastopnikom, poroti in sodniku, ter prostor, ki je namenjen ostali javnosti). Ne glede na omenjeno razdelitev pa je dovoljeno, da lahko stranke zastopa kdorkoli od najnižje instance pa tja do vrhovnega sodišča. Nekateri se s takšnim »laičnim« zastopanjem celo zelo dobro preživljajo. Druga prednost naj bi bila zelo malo število sodnikov. V Angliji in Walesu je okrog 3000 sodnik, ki vodijo postopke zoper 52 milijonsko populacijo. Veliko je tudi sodnikov, ki niso zaposleni za polni delovni čas. Naloga sodnika v civilnem postopku je predvsem poslušanje, v nadaljevanju odločitev katera dejstva smatra za dokazana, ter na koncu razglasitev sodbe. Sodnik se aktivno ne vključuje v sam postopek. Sodba je razglašena zelo hitro po zaključku dokaznega postopka. Obstaja ustaljena praksa, da lahko postane sodnik oseba, ki je opravljala delo advokata vsaj 15 let, gre torej za osebo, ki je zelo uveljavljena in izkušena.
Ostale države EU pa so bližje tradiciji kontinentalnega pravnega sistema. Kontinentalni pravni sistem ima svoje korenine v antičnem Rimu, ko je okoli leta 600 n. št. cesar Justinijan kodificiral takratno rimsko pravo (Corpus Iuris Civilis). Poglavitna značilnost kontinentalnega pravnega sistema je, da vir prava predstavlja zakonodaja sprejeta s strani avtoritativne osebe (npr. Državni zbor). V Anglo –ameriški sistemu pa vir prava predstavljajo precedensi oz. sodna praksa, torej je zakonodajalec sodišče. Velja hierarhija med sodišči. Sodbe višjih instanc so tako zavezujoče za nižja sodišča. V kolikor bi za spor v teku, po mnenju sodišča bilo potrebno razsoditi drugače od ustaljene prakse lahko sodnik razsodi drugače in tako oblikuje nov precedens. Seveda to pomeni, da mora nov precedens premagati vse pravne ovire. Tudi pri svobodnemu urejanju obligacijskih razmerij so stranke v kontinentalnem sistemu bolj omejene, veliko je določb, ki ji kljub izrecnemu dogovoru strank ni mogoče izključiti. V anglosaksonskem sistemu, je ta svoboda večja. Za potrebe dokaznega postopka lahko tako stranke oz. sodišče za izvedenca določi kogarkoli in ga tako ni potrebno izbrati iz stalne liste izvedencev kakor je to urejeno v večini kontinentalnih pravnih redov. Razlika med obema sistemoma je tudi, da imajo v nekaterih kontinentalnih sistemih akademiki pomemben vpliv na sodne odločbe, kar pa ne moremo reči za anglo – ameriški pravni sistem, kjer akademiki niti posredno niso pretirano zaželeni v sodnih dvoranah. Skupno obema sistemoma je, da so postopki javni.
